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Two-stage cylinder regulators
Product overview
The Spectrolab FM53 is a two-stage cylinder pressure regulator from our Spectron range. It may be fitted to the cylinder outlet valve to reduce the high pressure of the gas in the cylinder to a lower pressure suited for the application. The phrase two-stage means that the pressure drop from the cylinder to the application takes place in two separate steps.
Applications
The two-stage regulators are chosen when there is a continuous flow of gases or the equipment will be left running unattended, for example with the flow of instrumentation gases such as hydrogen and Zero Air for FID detector gas or helium and argon as gas chromatography carrier gases.
Technical considerations
The pressure regulator is fitted with two pressure gauges, one to indicate the contents in the gas cylinder and the other to indicate the downstream regulator outlet pressure. The outlet of the pressure regulator may additionally be fitted with a shut off valve or a more sensitive flow metering valve.
At the inlet to the cylinder pressure regulator is a stem with a nut, which may be firmly screwed onto the cylinder outlet valve to form a gas-tight connection. There are several possible nut types on the inlet stem and these correspond to the various different thread connections on the cylinder valve. It is important to only connect a cylinder regulator to the correct type of cylinder; otherwise damage to the cylinder outlet valve may take place. For this reason it may be necessary to have several different types of regulator available for use on different types of pure specialty gases or specialty gas mixtures.
Product selection
Specialty gases regulators differ from industrial and medical gases regulators and the three different categories should not be interchanged. The materials of construction inside each regulator are selected to be compatible with the gases that they are handling. For example, the pressure controlling diaphragm in a specialty gases regulator is made from stainless steel whereas the same component in an industrial regulator may be made from rubber. To protect the integrity of the high purity specialty gases or high precision specialty gas mixtures, it is essential to use metal parts in contact with the gas to avoid potential contamination. Additionally, the machining tolerances of the different regulators are different and these influence the leak rate within the regulator and from the regulator to the atmosphere. They also determine how much contamination from air will ingress into the regulator and contaminate the gas stream. Specialty gases regulators have the lowest leak rates and the highest precision machining tolerances.
Cylinder pressure regulators do exactly that: they regulate pressure. These differ from valves, which regulate flow. It is therefore common to use a flow control valve such as a needle valve after the pressure regulator to make fine adjustments to the specialty gas flow rate.
The use of a cylinder regulator means it must be removed when the cylinder is empty and fitted to a new full specialty gas cylinder. In applications where two-stage regulators are used, this may be a problem because the two stage regulator will most often be chosen for continuous flow applications. If a continuous flow of gas is required even when the cylinder is empty, then an automatic changeover panel should be selected. This device connects two or more cylinders to the panel and allows the gas flow to be switched from the cylinder that is almost empty to to a fresh cylinder without any flow interruption.
If a cylinder pressure regulator is to be used for multiple purposes, it would be advisable to invest in the two-stage regulator because it will be able to also perform the role required of a single-stage regulator. The opposite is, however, not the case.
Working to a tight budget
The alternative to a two-stage regulator such as the FM53 is a single-stage pressure regulator, such as the FM51, which is more compact and less expensive to purchase. The benefit of the two-stage regulator is that it produces a steady outlet pressure from the regulator throughout the life of the gas cylinder. When single-stage regulators are left with a continuous gas flow, the outlet pressure creeps up slightly over time in response to the falling cylinder gas pressure. Two-stage pressure regulation largely avoids this issue. Single-stage regulators are ideal for "one shot" applications where the user is present, such as the introduction of calibration gas mixtures.
Sitting between the FM51 and the FM53 in terms of both price and pressure stability performance is the SPECTROLAB FM52exact. It has a single-stage design with added pressure compensation to give it performance similar to a two-stage regulator. If you are working within a capped budget, it may be the ideal choice for your application.
It is important to know that adjusting a 200 Bar cylinder pressure to a very low pressure can only be achieved by FM52 and FM53 regulators. For instance, if you are adjusting outlet pressure between 1 Bar and 1.5 Bar, only FM53 can achieve this low pressure. For adjusting outlet pressure between 2 Bar and 4 Bar, FM52 or FM53 should be selected. For adjusting outlet pressure between 5 Bar and above, FM51, FM52 and FM53 are your available options.
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Single-stage cylinder regulators
Product overview
The Spectron FM51 is a single-stage cylinder pressure regulator. It may be fitted to the cylinder outlet valve to reduce the high pressure of the gas in the cylinder to a lower pressure suited to the application. The phrase single stage means that the pressure drop from the cylinder to the application takes place in one step.
Applications
Single-stage specialty gases cylinder regulators are ideal for one-shot applications such as calibration gas mixture injection or the introduction of purge gases prior to the use of process gases. The operator is always present when the calibration or purging operation takes place and can adjust the pressure accordingly using the large knob on the front of the regulator. The two stage regulators are chosen when there is a continuous flow of gases or the equipment will be left running unattended, for example with the flow of instrumentation gases such as detector gas or carrier gases.
Specialty gases regulators differ from industrial and medical gases regulators so the three different categories should not be interchanged. The materials of construction inside each regulator are selected to be compatible with the gases that they are handling. For example, the pressure controlling diaphragm in a specialty gases regulator is made from stainless steel whereas the same component in an industrial regulator may be made from rubber. To protect the integrity of the high purity specialty gases or high precision specialty gas mixtures, it is essential to use metal parts in contact with the gas to avoid potential contamination. Additionally, the machining tolerances of the different regulators are different and these influence the leak rate within the regulator and from the regulator to the atmosphere. They also determine how much contamination from air will ingress into the regulator and contaminate the gas stream. Specialty gases regulators have the lowest leak rates and the highest precision machining tolerances.
Technical considerations
The pressure regulator is fitted with two pressure gauges, one to indicate the contents in the gas cylinder and the other to indicate the downstream regulator outlet pressure. The outlet of the pressure regulator may additionally be fitted with a shut off valve or a more sensitive flow metering valve.
At the inlet to the cylinder pressure regulator is a stem with a nut, which may be firmly screwed onto the cylinder outlet valve to form a gas-tight connection. There are several possible nut types on the inlet stem and these correspond to the various different thread connections on the cylinder valve. It is important to only connect a cylinder regulator to the correct type of cylinder; otherwise damage to the cylinder outlet valve may take place. For this reason it may be necessary to have several different types of regulator available for use on different types of pure specialty gases or specialty gas mixtures.
Materials of construction
Chrome-plated brass or stainless steel are the two options for the specialty gases cylinder regulator body. The internal components of the pressure regulators also differ when brass or stainless steel bodies are selected. Chrome-plated brass is the more economical option and can be specified when non-corrosive gases are in use. Inert gases such as helium and argon are suitable for brass body regulators; additionally oxygen and flammable gases such as hydrogen can use this class of product. Stainless steel should be specified when the gas mixture contains traces of reactive components, such as a mixture of 500 ppb sulphur dioxide in nitrogen, or when pure corrosive gases are being used.
In harsh environments, such as offshore oil and gas operations where salt spray may come into contact with the cylinder regulator, it is recommended to specify stainless steel construction, even if the gases inside the regulator are inert. Pharmaceutical and food processing applications are also sensitive to the materials used in their operations so these industries often prefer to use stainless steel regulators for all types of application. If a cylinder pressure regulator is to be used for multiple purposes, it may be advisable to invest in a stainless steel version because it is able to also perform the role required of a chrome plated brass cylinder regulator. Making this substitution in the other direction is, however, not recommended.
Product selection
Cylinder pressure regulators do exactly that: they regulate pressure. They differ from valves, which regulate flow. It is therefore common to use a flow control valve, such as a needle valve, after the pressure regulator to make fine adjustments to the specialty gas flow rate.
The use of a cylinder regulator means it must be removed when the cylinder is empty and fitted to a new full specialty gas cylinder. In applications where single-stage regulators are used, this is generally not a problem because the single-stage regulator will most often be chosen for intermittent flow applications and where the end user is present. However, if a continuous flow of gas is required even when the cylinder is empty, then an automatic changeover panel should be selected. This device connects two or more cylinders to the panel and allows the gas flow to be switched from the cylinder that is almost empty to a fresh cylinder without any flow interruption.
Trading up
If a cylinder pressure regulator is to be used for multiple purposes, it is advisable to invest slightly more in the FM53 two-stage regulator because it is able to also perform the role required of a single-stage regulator. The opposite is, however, not the case. Alternatively the model FM52exact may be specified. It has a single-stage operation with pressure compensation, so it should suit every budget and offers similar performance characteristics to a two-stage regulator.
A two-stage pressure regulator is slightly bulkier and a little more expensive to purchase. The benefit of the single-stage regulator is that it has a light weight for convenient handling and is the most economical option. The reason to upgrade to a two-stage regulator, such as the FM53, would be to ensure a steady outlet pressure from the regulator throughout the life of the gas cylinder. When single-stage regulators are left with a continuous gas flow, the outlet pressure creeps up slightly over time in response to the falling cylinder gas pressure. Two-stage pressure regulation, or pressure compensation, largely avoids this issue. The FM52exact is light and compact, similar to a single-stage regulator and, with its built-in pressure compensation, has performance characteristics close to a two-stage regulator. Its price point sits between the FM51 and the FM53 ranges so it may be a good all-rounder, if you are shopping on a capped budget.